Procedures of Translation according to Newmark

Procedures Translate of Newmark

1.    Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription." 

Example:

-  Mr. Blair ( Mr. Blair)

-  Robinhood ( Robinhood)

2.  Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example:

- Our capacity remains undiminished.(Kapasitas kita tetap tak berkurang.)

-  The electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. (Jaringan listrik dan jaringan digital yang menyuburkan perdagangan dan mengikat kita bersama.)

3.  Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example:

-        The Adventure of Tintin = Belgian

The Adventure of Bobbie = Dutch

The Adventure of Kuttus = German

-          eagle = Garuda

4.  Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example:

- The eagle will fly and track preys sleeping in their house. ( elang akan terbang dan melacak mangsa tidur di sarang)

- The fox with water in his mouth rushed towards the said place and fall into the trench. ( Rubah dengan air lir di mulutnya bergegas menuju tempat tersebut dan jatuh ke selokan.)

5. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example:

-          An Indonesian salad of mixed vegetables dressed with a peanut and coconut milk sauce. (Salad Indonesia yang berisi campuran sayuran yang menggunakan saus kacang dan santan.)

-          Satay is a dish of seasoned, and grilled meat served with a peanut sauce. ( Sate adalah hidangan yang berbumbu, dan daging yang di panggang disajikan dengan saus kacang. )

   6.  Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example:

-          Father = +MALE >PARENT (ayah = +Laki-laki > Orang tua).

-          boy = [+ male], [– mature] (anak laki- laki = +laki- laki, - dewasa)

7.      Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example:

-          Lie, falsehood, untruth, fib

-          hisaan, faras, jawaad, agar

8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example:

-          Police Academy (Akademik Kepolisian)

-          Cambridge University ( Universitas Cambridge)

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example:

-          A pair of glasses. ( Sepasang kacamata)

-          My fellow citizens. ( Rekan- rekan sebangsa dan setanah air).

10.   Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example:

-          Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. (Sudah 44 warga Amerika yang diambil sumpahnya sebagai presiden)

-          Youre going to have a child= youre going to be a father. ( kamu akan menjadi ayah)

11.    Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example:

-          Hard disk ( hard disk)

-          Hand phone ( hand phone)

12.    Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example:

-          They have something to tell us, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. (Ada sesuatu yang hendak mereka katakan pada kita hari ini, seperti yang dibisikkan sepanjang masa oleh para pahlawan kita yang kini dimakamkan di Arlington.)

-          We will defeat you. ( kalian akan kami kalahkan)

13.   Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example:

-          Unique rhizome-dependent system. (rhizome (/ˈraɪzoʊm from Ancient Greek: rhízōma "mass of roots",from rhizóō "cause to strike root")is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes.)

-          Family Poaceae. (The Poaceae (also called Gramineae or true grasses) are a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants).

14.    Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example:

–        My mom bought me a new computer and hard disk. (Ibukku membelikanku sebuah komputer baru dan hard disk).

–        Reny has a new assistant manager who likes a Panetton. ( Novita mempunyai asisten manajer baru yang menyukai Panetton, kue tradisional Italia yang dimakan pada saat tahun baru).  

15.   Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example:

-          Where it has become a national dish, national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country.

-          Although bamboo skewers are often used. Bamboo are the largest members of the grass family.