Selasa, 30 Desember 2014

Academic Writing ( Essay )

Why You Should Not Smoke  ?



Introduction :
One of the most common problems today that are killing people, all over the world, is smoking. Many people start this horrible habit because of stress, personal issues and high blood pressure. Some people began showing off or some people wanted to enjoy it . One cigarette can result in smoking others, which can lead to major addiction. When someone smokes a cigarette they are not only hurting themselves, but others around them. Smoking does many horrible things to the human body that most people are not aware of. Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker thousands of dirham’s a year. So, why people are still smoking? The answer is obviously, addiction. Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive.
Definition :
Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke breathed in to be tasted or inhaled. Most commonly the substance is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant which has been rolled into rice paper into a small, round cylinder called a "cigarette". This is primarily practiced as a route of administration for what has come to be termed "recreational drug use" because the combustion of the dried plant leaves releases active substances into the body. In the case of cigarette smoking these substances are contained in a mixture of aerosol particles and gasses and include the pharmacologically active alkaloid nicotine; the vaporization creates heated aerosol and gas to form that allows inhalation and deep penetration into the lungs where absorption into the bloodstream of the active substances occurs. In some cultures, smoking is also carried out as a part of various rituals, where participants use it to help induce trance-like states that, they believe, can lead them to "spiritual enlightenment".

Cigarettes are primarily industrially manufactured but also can be hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking implements include pipes, cigars, bidis, hookahs, vaporizers, and bongs. It has been suggested that smoking-related disease kills one half of all long term smokers but these diseases may also be contracted by non-smokers. A 2007 report states that, each year, about 4.9 million people worldwide die as a result of smoking.

Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking is today by far the most popular form of smoking and is practiced by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies. Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium. Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as they are usually not commercially available.

The history of smoking can be dated to as early as 5000 BC, and has been recorded in many different cultures across the world. Early smoking evolved in association with religious ceremonies; as offerings to deities, in cleansing rituals or to allow shamans and priests to alter their minds for purposes of divination or spiritual enlightenment. After the European exploration and conquest of the Americas, the practice of smoking tobacco quickly spread to the rest of the world. In regions like India and Sub-Saharan Africa, it merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). In Europe, it introduced a new type of social activity and a form of drug intake which previously had been unknown.

Perception surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another; holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. Only relatively recently, and primarily in industrialized Western countries, has smoking come to be viewed in a decidedly negative light. Today medical studies have proven that smoking tobacco is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attacks, COPD, erectile dysfunction, and can also lead to birth defects. The inherent health hazards of smoking have caused many countries such as Singapore to institute high taxes on tobacco products and anti-smoking campaigns are launched every year in an attempt to curb tobacco smoking.
Topic sentence :
I am sure that you know that smoking harms your body. Then why do you continue smoking? Maybe you do it because you haven’t really become conscious about all the effects that smoking has. There are a lot of reasons why you shouldn’t smoke. Some of them are that smoking affects your health, that you spend a lot of money on cigarettes, and that when you smoke you are not respecting people around you.

The first reason why you shouldn’t smoke is that smoking affects your health. If you smoke, your physical condition will be negatively affected, so it will be very difficult for you to succeed in sports. Also, smoking produces lethal diseases like cancer and reduces the length and quality of your life. Maybe you don’t notice all the physical effects of smoking immediately, but you surely will be sorry one day. A large 2013 study of women in the United Kingdom found that 2 out of 3 deaths in smokers who were in their 50s, 60s, and 70s were caused by smoking. The researchers observed that continuing smokers lose at least 10 years of their lifespans, but added that smokers who quit before age 40 were able to avoid 90% of the early deaths caused by continued smoking. If the women quit before age 30, they were able to avoid more than 97% of these early deaths. Smoking damages the airways and small air sacs in the lungs. This can cause chronic coughing, wheezing, trouble breathing, and long-term (chronic) lung disease. More than 90% of deaths due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema – together these are known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – are caused by smoking. Today, more women than men die from COPD, and evidence suggests that women are more likely to get severe COPD at younger ages than men.

The risk of COPD goes up with the number of cigarettes smoked each day and with the length of time a woman has been smoking. Female smokers aged 35 or older are almost 13 times more likely to die from emphysema or bronchitis than those who have never smoked.

The lungs grow more slowly in teenage girls who smoke. And adult women who smoke start losing lung function in early adulthood.

The second reason why you shouldn’t smoke is because of all the money that you spend on it. Maybe you start smoking only when someone offers you a cigarette, but there will be a day when you will feel the need of a cigarette. By this time, you will pay whatever to smoke, and each time you will smoke more, so you will spend more money. All the money you would spend on cigars could have be spent in something better, don’t you think?.  The tobacco industry is one of the most profitable businesses in the US, making billions of dollars every year. But the costs of smoking are far higher than the income from cigarette sales. The US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention estimated that in 2004, smoking led to health costs and productivity losses totaling an average of $10.47 per pack sold and used in the US.
More recent numbers show that annual smoking-attributable economic costs in the US are estimated to be between $289 to 332.5 million. This total includes:
$132.5 to 175.9 billion for direct medical care of adults
$151 billion for lost productivity due to premature deaths
$5.6 billion for lost productivity due to exposure to secondhand smoke

The last reason why you shouldn’t smoke is out of respect for the people around you. When you smoke, you not only harm yourself, but you also harm all the people around you. So you mustn’t be selfish; you should at least avoid smoking in front of people who don’t smoke. Also, many people don’t like the cigarette’s smell, so they won’t enjoy your company. If you are a non-smoker but are exposed to secondhand smoke on a regular basis, your body will still absorb nicotine and other harmful substances. Smoke contains more than 4000 chemical compounds, of which 250 are toxic and more than 50 are known cancer-causing agents. These dangerous substances linger in the air for approximately 4 hours and breathing in these particles for only minutes can harm you.
Exposure Time to Secondhand Smoke and Effects:
5 minutes – stiffens the aorta as much as smoking a cigarette
20-30 minutes – causes excess blood clotting, as well as increases the build up of fat deposits in blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke
2 hours – increases the chance of irregular heart beat (arrhythmia) and can trigger a fatal cardiac event or heart attack.
In addition, the longer you are around secondhand smoke, the greater the level of harmful substances in your body. As a result, you might have an increased risk of developing smoking-related disorders, including:
Lung cancer and lung disease, including COPD, emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. Nonsmokers who live with a smoker have a 20% to 30% increased risk for developing lung cancer, heart disease, eye and nasal irritation; increased risk of sinus and respiratory infections.


Conclision :
I have said just some reasons of why you shouldn’t smoke, so I hope that now those of you who smoke are able to think a little and try to make a smart decision. In addition to all the reasons I’ve said, I would like you to think about how much you love yourself and then whether you want to continue harming yourself. Think also about all the people who love you, like your family who doesn’t want to see you suffering or sick. If you decide to continue smoking, what a pity. But if you decide to stop smoking, congratulations! Remember that "If you can dream it, you can do it."
Smoking is a habit which individuals find difficult to quit. Many people make preparations for months in their effort to get rid of the habit, Many teenagers smoke because of depression and stress, but they should know by now that smoking kills you from the inside the are many ways to solve problems like those but one of them is not smoking. It's just madness and it will give you cancer. People like teenagers don’t think. Smoking is bad for you and always try to avoid what your friends say about smoking, just say Alhamdulillah by what Allah has given to you, So Alhamdulillah for everything, and please stop smoking.

References
·         Wiedemann HP.Highlights from Medical Grand Rounds: Passive Smoking: Nuisance or Health Risk? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 1989;56(2):115-116 Accessed 9/20/2013.
·         United States Environmental and Protection Agency. Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and the Health of Your Family. Accessed 9/20/2013.
·         Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. Smoking & Tobacco Use. Secondhand Smoke. Accessed 9/20/2013.
·         Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. Smoking & Tobacco Use. Health Effects. Accessed 9/20/2013.
American Heart Association. Smoking & Cardiovascular Disease (Heart Disease). Accessed 9/20/2013.
Idiom, metaphora, simile and examples (translation 2)

IDIOM AND EXAMPLES
1.       A lot on my plate => Saya sangat sibuk dan memiliki banyak janji.
2.       A still tongue keeps a wise head => Orang yang bijaksana adalah orang yang tidak banyak bicara.
3.       Apple of your eye => Sesuatu/ seseorang yang sangat istimewa bagi kita.
4.       All the rage => Sesuatu yang sedang menjadi trend.
5.       A little learning is a dangerous thing => Sedikit pengetahuan dapat menyebabkan seseorang berpikir bahwa dia lebih ahli daripada diri dia yang sebenarnya.


METAPHORA  AND EXAMPLES
1.       "Freddie is a pig when he eats," Freddie adalah pemakan yang ceroboh seperti babi.
2.       “But my heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill” namun hatiku ini serupa pemburu kesepian dengan berburu di bukit yang sepi.
3.       “All the world’s stage. And all the men and the women merely players” Dunia adalah panggung sandiwara. Semua laki- laki dan perempuan hanyalah permainannya.
4.       “The news has hit him hard.”
5.       “I don’t want to put any ideas into your head.”


SIMILE AND EXAMPLES
1.       “cute as a kitten,” comparing the way someone looks to the way a kitten looks.
2.       “He is as strong as an ox.” Dia sekuat lembu.
3.       “They are as different as night and day.” Mereka adalah sebagai berbeda seperti siang dan malam.
4.       “They fought like cats and dogs.” Mereka berjuang seperti kucing dan anjing.
5.       “This house is as clean as a whistle.” Rumah ini sebersih peluit.

6.       “He is as funny as a barrel of monkeys.” Dia selucu barel monyet.
Teknik Penerjemahan and example

1.      Adaptasi (Adaptation)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang menggantikan unsur-unsur budaya yang khas dalam BSu dengan unsur budaya yang ada dalam BSa. Teknik ini dapat digunakan apabila unsur atau elemen budaya tersebut memiliki padanan dalam BSa.
            BSu      : as white as snow
            BSa      : seputih kapas
2.      Amplifikasi (Penambahan)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang menambahkan detail informasi yang tidak terdapat dalam teks bahasa sumber. Penambahan dalam teknik ini hanya informasi yang digunakan untuk membantu penyampaian pesan atau pemahaman pembaca. Penambahan ini tidak boleh mengubah pesan yang ada dalam teks bahasa sumber.
            BSu      : There are many Indonesian at the ship.
            BSa      : Banyak warga negara Indonesia di kapal itu.
3.      Peminjaman (Borrowing)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang menggunakan kata atau ungkapan dari bahasa sumber di dalam bahasa sasaran. Peminjaman dapat berupa peminjaman murni (pure borrowing), yaitu peminjaman tanpa melakukan perubahan apa pun, atau berupa peminjaman alamiah (naturalized borrowing), dimana kata dari BSu disesuaikan dengan ejaan BSa.
            BSu                                                      BSa                                          Peminjaman
            Mixer                                                  Mixer                                      Murni
            economy                                             ekonomy                                 Alamiah
4.      Kalke (Calque)
            Penerjemahan harfiah dari sebuah kata atau frasa dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran.
            BSu      : He is the new assistant manager
            BSa      : Dia adalah asisten manajer yang baru.
5.      Kompensasi (Compensation)
Teknik penerjemahan yang menggantikan posisi unsur informasi atau efek stilistika dalam BSu pada bagian lain dalam BSa karena tidak dapat direalisasikan pada bagian yang sama dalam BSa.

BSu      : a pair of scissor
BSa      : sebuah gunting

6.      Deskripsi (Description)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang mengganti istilah dalam bahasa sumber dengan deskripsinya dalam bahasa sasaran. Teknik ini digunakan ketika suatu istilah dalam bahasa sumber tidak memiliki istilah yang sepadan dalam bahasa sasaran.
            BSu      : I like panetton.
            BSa      : Saya suka panetton, kue tradisional Italia yang dimakan pada saat tahun baru.  

7.      Kreasi Diskursif (Discursive Creation)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang menggunakan padanan sementara yang jauh dari konteks aslinya. Teknik ini sering muncul dalam penerjemahan judul film, buku, dan novel.
            BSu      : The Minangkabau Response To The Dutch Colonial rule in the Nineteenth                                   Century.
            BSa      : Asal-usul Elite Minangkabau Modem: Respons terhadap Kolonial Belanda                                   XIX/XX. (Havid Ardi, 2010: 400)

8.        Padanan Lazim (Established Equivalence)
            Menerjemahkan istilah dalam bahasa sumber dengan istilah yang sudah lazim dalam bahasa sasaran. Istilah dalam bahasa sumber tersebut umumnya berdasarkan kamus atau ungkapan sehari-hari.
            BSu      : Sincerely yours
            BSa      : Hormat kami

9.      Generalisasi (Generalization)
            Menerjemahkan suatu istilah dengan istilah yang sudah umum dan dikenal masyarakat luas. Teknik ini digunakan apabila suatu istilah dalam bahasa sumber merujuk pada bagian yang spesifik, yang padanannya dalam bahasa sasaran tidak ada yang merujuk pada bagian yang sama.
            Contoh: becak diterjemahkan menjadi vehicle.

10.  Amplifikasi Linguistik (Linguistics Amplification)
Teknik penerjemahan yang menambahkan unsur-unsur linguistik teks BSu dalam teks BSa. Teknik ini sering digunakan dalam interpreting atau dubbing.
            BSu      : everything is up to you!
            BSa      : semuanya terserah anda sendiri!

11.  Kompresi Linguistik (Linguistics Compression)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang menyatukan atau mengumpulkan unsur-unsur linguistik yang ada dalam teks BSu. Teknik ini sering digunakan dalam interpreting atau dubbing.
            BSu      : Are you sleepy?
            BSa      : ngantuk?

12.  Penerjemahan Harfiah (Literal Translation)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang mengalihkan suatu ungkapan dalam BSu secara kata per kata ke dalam BSa.
            BSu      : The President gave the present to Michael last week.
            BSa      : Presiden memberi hadiah itu pada Michael minggu lalu.

13.     Modulasi (Modulation)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang mengganti, fokus, sudut pandang atau aspek kognitif yang ada dalam BSu, baik secara leksikal ataupun struktural.
            BSu      : Nobody doesn’t like it.
            BSa      : Semua orang menyukainya.

14.  Partikularisasi (Particularization)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang menggunakan istilah yang lebih konkret dan khusus. Teknik ini berkebalikan dengan teknik generalisasi.
            BSu      : She likes to collect jewelry.
            BSa      : Dia senang mengoleksi kalung emas.

15.     Reduksi (Reduction)
            Memadatkan informasi yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran. Pemadatan informasi yang dilakukan tidak boleh mengubah pesan dalam teks bahasa sumber.
            BSa      : She got a car accident
            BSu      : Dia mengalami kecelakaan

16.      Substitusi (Substitution)
            Mengganti elemen-elemen linguistik menjadi paralinguistik (seperti intonasi dan isyarat) atau sebaliknya.
            Contoh : menganggukkan kepala di Indonesia diterjemahkan “ya!”

17.  Transposisi (Transposition)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang mengganti kategori gramatikal bahasa sumber dalam bahasa sasaran, misalnya mengganti kata menjadi frasa. Teknik ini biasanya digunakan karena adanya perberdaan tata bahasa antara BSu dan BSa.
            BSu      : I have no control over this condition
            BSa      : Saya tidak dapat mengendalikan kondisi ini

18.     Variasi (Variation)
            Teknik penerjemahan yang mengganti unsur-unsur linguistik atau paralinguistik yang mempengaruhi variasi linguistik. Misalnya perubahan textual tone, style, geographical dialect, dan social dialect.
            BSu      : Give it to me now!

            BSa      : Berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang!

Example of Idiomatic and literal meaning in english 

( translation class)




No
Idiomatic
Literal
1.
Think on your feet

Adjusting quickly to changes and making fast decisions.

2.

GET THE SHOW ON THE ROAD

Putting up a plan or idea into action. 
3.

NOT LET GRASS GROW UNDER FEET

Don't delay in getting something done.
4.

SEPARATE SHEEP FROM GOATS

Examining a group of people and deciding their suitability.
5.

HAVE ON THE BRAIN

Thinking or talking about it all day long.
6.

GET A GRIP ON YOURSELF

Controlling your feelings to deal with a situation.
7.

PROUD AS A PEACOCK

Refers to an extremely proud person.
8.

LOOK ON THE BRIGHT SIDE

View an unpleasant situation in a positive light.
9.

CAKE NOT WORTH THE CANDLE

Refers to something in which result vs efforts are too less.
10.

FOOT IN THE DOOR

Small but good start with a possibility for a bright future.